Being Impaired A Social Problem - 1456 Words

We live in a society that is not very accepting of individual differences. There is always a norm to strive towards. But what happens if one is unable to meet these norms due to physical or mental impairment? Those who are affected by impairments are treated differently by typical-abled members of society, stigmatized, stereotyped, or pitied, all of which can make one feel subhuman. The way that our society reacts to individuals with physical and mental impairments is what causes them to be disabled. Disability is a social problem that hinders the flourishing of those affected by impairments. There are numerous ways that a person can be impaired, some appearing to be more severe than others. Some philosophers like Peter Singer argue that being impaired is a harm which requires biomedical intervention to help the individual affected to function in society and prevent them from suffering, and that if given the chance, we should select against disability ; however people affected by impairments have learned to adapt and live with their impairment. They are typically not suffering because they have one, as many assume. According to Barnes, being impaired is only part of one’s life; it does not necessarily make up the entire global concept their life quality (340). Barnes makes the argument that similar to being homosexual, a person with an impairment life would be harder, but we cannot assume that the person life quality is less than that of an unimpaired person. As anShow MoreRelatedThe Walk By Judith Butler And Sunaura Taylor976 Words   |  4 PagesAfter watching t he documentary â€Å"The Walk† with Judith Butler and Sunaura Taylor that we watched in class together as a whole. It made me wonder about how Taylor put the idea of being handicapped as a political meaning, rather than just a social or medical way of living. In the documentary, the two women talk about the vast ways that handicapped people face today in the world. Throughout the semester we have learned how not just handicapped people like Taylor a person with a physical impairment areRead MoreImpaired Nurse667 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to the American Nurses Association, an impaired nurse is unable to meet the requirements of the code of ethics and standards of practice of the profession. This nurse has cognitive, interpersonal or psychomotor skills affected by psychiatric illness and/or drug or alcohol abuse of addiction (American Nurses Association, 2010). Not only do these nurses create a potential threat to their clients, but they have also neglected to care for t hemselves. A survey has been recorded about theRead MoreThe Class Placement of Students with ADD/ADHD1721 Words   |  7 Pagesmany learning impaired students to do worse academically and socially than if they had been placed in an inclusive setting. By definition, ADD/ADHD students that are placed in an inclusive setting are seated in the same classroom with students who do not have ADD/ADHD. ADD/ADHD students receiving special support in regular classes succeed academically and socially more often than ADD/ADHD students in special classes. The variables that affect the academic progress of a learning impaired student withRead MorePublic Awareness of Visually Impaired Persons Communication Skills1304 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Awareness of Visually Impaired Persons Communication Skills It has been observed by the researcher that in public settings often the reaction to a visually impaired person is quite different then to that of a sighted person. Society seems to have a predisposed perception of the communication abilities of visually impaired people. This study hopes to establish a correlation between the perception that visually impaired people are also speech impaired when they are in a setting where theyRead MoreEssay about Students With ADD/ADHD and Class Placement1218 Words   |  5 Pagesother students without learning-disabilities. Consequently, many students with learning disabilities are placed in classrooms that are designated only for students with learning disabilities. It is because of this classroom placement problem that many learning-impaired students are doing worse academically and socially in a non-inclusive setting than in an inclusive one. A non-inclusive setting is when students with learning-impairments like ADD/ADHD are placed in a †Å"special class† with other learning-impairmentRead MoreComparing And Differences, Louis Braille, Helen Keller, And Stevie Wonder1228 Words   |  5 Pagesaccidental stabbing incident in his father’s workshop.† (Braille Works). Louis Braille didn’t let the accident determine the rest of his life, instead became the inventor of braille writing. Braille writing is a series of raised dots for visually impaired individuals to feel instead of seeing the words written out. Helen Keller is a name people hear of often, but is her success story truly known? â€Å"Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to graduate from college. Keller then went on to becomeRead MoreConversations about Disability Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesworld of norms .Everyone tries to be normal. The focus on construction of disability as on the construction of normalcy .The problem is the way that normalcy is constructed to create the problem of the disabled person .There is an i nherent desire to compare to others .Norm is less a condition of human nature than it is feature of a certain kind of society .The social problem of disabling arrived with industrialisation in 19th century .Disabling was related to nationality, race, gender, criminalityRead MoreWhat Causes Hearing Impairment1064 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the outside world, communication usually become frustrated for hearing-impaired students when interact with their peer. They showed lower self-awareness, self-management, frustration tolerance and impulsivity in their characteristics. Therefore, it is common to see emotional and social behavior difficulties in hearing-impaired individuals. As a speech and language pathologist, who is going to work with hearing-impaired students in language and communication aspect and likely to be the only goRead More Assistive technology for the blind and visually impaired Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesI have chosen to cover is, â€Å"The impacts of assistive t echnology for the blind and visually impaired.† I will discuss the benefits and drawbacks to using advanced technology to promote development. I will also look at how assistive technology is being implemented and what effects it has on the visually impaired. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are approximately 10 to 11 million blind and visually impaired people in North America, and their visual abilities vary almost as much as their ethnic, racialRead MoreChildren With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1222 Words   |  5 Pageslaws in place for Deaf individuals. In 1991, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – a civil rights law was implemented across the U.S [with four sections] that prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities including deaf and hearing impaired people. The purpose of the ADA is to make sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else. Each section of the ADA – employment, government, public accommodations, and telecommunications – lists services

The Horror that is Animal Testing - 970 Words

When you go to your local pharmacy and pick up medicine, do you know what animals have gone through to get it on the shelves? It is something we’ll never have to imagine going through, so why should animals? Animal testing is not necessary. Animals simply don’t have a choice if they want to be experimentd on. What makes me angry, is there are alternative methods to testing, so animals don’t need to suffer. Animals have to endure terrible pain, fear, and loneliness, which is cruel and mean on our part. The pros and cons to testing don’t even out. Cleary, animal testing needs to be put to a halting stop. Animals and humans are very much alike. Infact, this is one of the reasons we test on them, because our bodies are very similar. Animals and humans share emotions, including sadness, happiness, and fear. As much alike as we are, there are things that set us apart. One being that they are treated much more poorly than humans. Just because they don’t have rights, doesn’t mean it is acceptable to test on them . â€Å"The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but Can they suffer?† Jeremy Bentham states, perhaps with an opinion that animals can feel the same emotions as humans. I agree with this statement, knowing that animals also have a heart.The simple fact they cannot talk should not determine their fate. Imagine the roles reversed. You are the animals, and they are human.You don’t have a say in what you can and can’t do. In addition, you areShow MoreRelatedHorrors of Animal Testing Essay657 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal testing for human safety is inhumane and must be banned. Beloved house pets such as rodents, rabbits and even dogs are being tested on all over the world. These powerless and voiceless animals are intentionally given dreadful diseases to find cures while scientists could be finding alternative ways of testing instead of using our furry friends. 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Motivation Theory Explaining Tourist Behavior Free Essays

Motivation theory â€Å"Crompton (1979) notes it is possible to describe the who, when, where, and how of tourism, together with the social and economic characteristics of tourist, but not to answer the question â€Å"why,† the most interesting question of all tourist behaviour. † (Fodness 1994, p. 556) While motivation is only one of many variables in explaining tourist behaviour, it is nonetheless   a very critical one, as it constitutes the driving force behind all behaviour (Fodness 1994). We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Theory: Explaining Tourist Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Motivation sets the stage for forming people’s goals (Mansfeld 2000) and is reflected in both travel choice and behaviour; as such it influences people’s expectations, which in turn determine the perception of experiences. Motivation is therefore a factor in satisfaction formation (Gnoth 1997). Basic motivation theory suggests a dynamic process of internal psychological factors (needs, wants and goals), causing an uncomfortable level of tension within individuals’ minds and bodies, resulting in actions aimed at releasing that tension and satisfying these needs (Fodness 1994).Motives, implying such an action, require the awareness of needs, as well as objectives, promising to satisfy these now conscious needs in order to create wants and move people to buy (Goosens 2000). Objectives or goals are presented in the form of products and services, it is therefore the role of marketing to create awareness of needs and suggest appropriate objectives, promising the satisfaction of these (Mill and Morrison 1985). Several authors suggest (Dumazedier 1967, Krippendorf 1987, Parker 1983) that in the Western World free time and holidays are connected to the concept of self-actualisation or self-realisation.The latter defined by Grunow-Lutter (1983. p. 76) as â€Å"a personâ€⠄¢s dynamic relationship between the real and the ideal self, constituting a process of decreasing the distance between these two cognitive systems, themselves subject to continuous change. † It is the individual’s aim to achieve a state of stability, or homeostasis (Goosens 2000), which is disrupted when the person becomes aware of the gap between real and ideal self, or as Goosens calls it a need deficiency. The resulting need to self-actualise represents the motive, which under the constraints of the situation sets the stage for the process of motivation (Gnoth 1997).But to what extent does tourism satisfy the intrinsic need for self-actualisation? Tinsley and Eldredge (1995) summarise 15 years of research into psychological needs, satisfied by leisure activities, and proposed leisure activities clusters such as novelty, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, vicarious competition, relaxation, agency, belongingness and service. It is questioned however; whether these superficial needs are intrinsically motivated (Goosens 2000, p. 303), suggesting that these motivations are merely culturally learned stereotypes or explanat ions for leisure behaviour.As Fodness (1994) states, a widely accepted integrated theory for needs and goals behind motivation is lacking. The question is of course why this is the case. Research into motivation can be distinguished into two categories, the behaviourist and the cognivist approach (Gnoth 1997). The discussion has therefore traditionally revolved around either push or pull factors influencing tourist behaviour (Crompton 1979). Push factors represent lasting dispositions, as they are internally generated drives. The individual, energised by such drives, will then search objects for the promise of drive reduction and develop a motive (Gnoth 1997).The behaviourist view thus emphasises the emotional parameter of decision-making, while the cognivist approach focuses on situational parameters in which motives are expressed, consequently encompassing a certain knowledge which the tourist holds about goal attributes as well as a rational weighing up of situational constraints (Gnoth 1997). This cognitive process results in motivations, which are more object specific than motives, as these only imply a class of objects and may result in a range of different be haviours, depending on the situation.This unidimensional approach has been criticised however (Pearce 1993, Parinello 1993), as push and pull factors influence the consumer simultaneously (Hirschman and Holbrook 1986), integrated by the concept of involvement, an unobservable state of motivation, arousal, or interest (Goosens 2000), which is evoked by stimulus or situations. This is the case, since pull factors such as marketing stimuli as well as the destination’s and service’s attributes respond to and reinforce push factors.Consequently research increasingly seeks to integrate emotions and cognition in the individual’s decision-making process (Hartmann 1982, Pearce and Caltabiano 1983, Braun 1989, Gnoth 1997), indicating a more holistic approach. As a result it became evident that people’s intrinsic needs are influenced by external factors. Rojek (1990) asserts that in post-modern society the superstructure of advertising, television, fashion, lifestyle magazines and designer values increasingly take the role of forming knowledge and beliefs.People’s needs are neutral (Heckhausen 1989), as motives however, they require an object towards which the need is directed, and when linked to actual situations, cultural and social impacts are also applied (Gnoth 1997). Situations raise motives to the level of values, as such they are evaluations based on learned behaviour and perception (Lewin 1942, Vroom 1964). If a drive is reduced satisfactorily the individual is likely to remember the behaviour and employ the same behaviour again, thus acquiring habits (Hull 1943). Tourism experiences may therefore become learned behaviour and acquire the role of habit enforcers. Cognivists argue that knowledge and beliefs in future rewards, anticipatory in nature (Vroom 1964), are equally a product of formerly encountered situations (Murray 1938), and external formation. It may be concluded that motives merely represent learned behaviour, which are influenced by offered objects or tourism activities, while motivations represent knowledge and beliefs formed by society and culture or tourism marketers.The psychogenic need for self-actualisation, abstract in nature, is therefore operationalised in a learned and practical manner and expressed in values, which are learned strategies to either adapt one’s environment to one’s needs or adapt one’s self to a given environment (Kahle 1983). Such values equally include effects of enculturation and socialisation (Fodness 1994). Furthermore the perceived gap between real and ideal self, may indicate b oth externally and internally controlled evaluations (Gnoth 1997).McCabe therefore asks what researchers can expect to know about individuals’ drives, by asking them about their motivations and needs as these may not be available to individuals as part of their consciousness (2000a, p. 215). Iso-Ahola (1982) states that â€Å"people do not walk around with numerous leisure needs in their minds and do not rationalise specific causes of participation if their involvement is intrinsically motivated† (cited in Goosens 2000, p. 303). Hence it may be assumed that needs are suggested by mmediate social peers, and the wider context of particular social realities as well as the influence of the media (McCabe 2000a). Yet as Weissinger and Bandalos (1995) stress, intrinsic leisure motivation, which is a global disposition and describes a tendency to seek intrinsic rewards, is characterised by self-determination, an awareness of internal needs and a strong desire to make free choices based on these needs. While self-actualisation may be accepted as a need intrinsic to all individuals, society exercises a great deal of influence on the formation of the ideal self and thus perceived needs.However the notion of authentic or true self, determined by way of experience, offe rs a solution to the predicament. According to Waterman (1984), individualism symbolises four psychological qualities, the first one is a sense of individual identity, based on the knowledge of who one is and what one’s goals and values are, as such it is related to the philosophical concept of true self, which indicates what an individual reckons personally expressive and what it is to be actualised (p. 30).The second is Maslow’s self-actualisation, which is the driving to be one’s true self. The third quality is Rotter’s (1966) internal locus of control, which reflects a willingness to accept personal responsibility for one’s life, and finally prinicipled (postconventional), moral reasoning (Kohlberg 1969), which involves consistency with general abstract principles (cited in Kim and Lee 2000, p. 156). Consequently, only if   tourists become more autonomous and thus aware of intrinsic needs and motives are they able to self-actualise.As McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) explained, o rder is becoming less important in Western society and a desire for disorder in the tourism experience is becoming more important. Kim and Lee point out that â€Å"opportunities for unplanned action and freedom from institutionalised regulations are distinctive of Western tourists† (2000, p. 157). This indicates that tourists exhibit a certain desire to liberate their identities. According to Krippendorf (1984), in order for tourists to cease being just users of holidays, they must come to know themselves, their motives and other cultures.It may therefore be assumed that self-actualisation is an intrinsic need, characteristic of any tourist, but must be understood in terms of true self as opposed to ideal self and as such is independent of societal pressures and involves the transcendence of habitual behaviours and mindstates. This proposition requires further elaboration and must be viewed in the context of modernity, which hinders this process but at the same time brought about its awareness. How to cite Motivation Theory: Explaining Tourist Behavior, Papers